Triumph Hurdle – Statistics and Trends
If you’re tired of picking horses by their name or the colour of their jockey’s silks, it’s time to get serious. Our 25-year in-depth study of the Triumph Hurdle covers critical factors like horse age, weight, last race interval, starting odds, and official rating. Use our research to improve your betting strategy and start picking winners like a pro.
What is the Triumph Hurdle?
Be a part of history as you watch the celebrated Grade 1 National Hunt Hurdle race – The Triumph Hurdle, sponsored by JCB, unfold at Cheltenham Festival’s fourth day. With horses aged 4 years old, running 2 miles and 1 furlong, and jumping over 8 hurdles, this race has been a highlight of the festival since its inception in 1939. Don’t miss out on this legendary event on Friday 17th March 2022
Triumph Hurdle Winners since 1997
Date | Distance | Going | Runners | Winner | Stallion | Age | Jockey (Clm) | Trainer | Odds | Weight | OR | Days |
18.03.2022 | 2m1f | Good To Soft | 12 | Vauban (FR) | Galiway | 4 | Townend, P | Mullins, W P | 6/4 | 11-0 | 146 | 41d |
19.03.2021 | 2m1f | Good To Soft | 8 | Quilixios | Maxios | 4 | Blackmore, Rachael | Bromhead, Henry De | 2/1 | 11-0 | 147 | 40d |
13.03.2020 | 2m1f | Soft | 13 | Burning Victory (FR) | Nathaniel (IRE) | 4 | Townend, P | Mullins, W P | 12/1 | 10-7 | 0 | 20d |
15.03.2019 | 2m1f | Good To Soft | 14 | Pentland Hills (IRE) | Motivator | 4 | Boinville, Nico | Henderson, N J | 20/1 | 11-0 | 0 | 18d |
16.03.2018 | 2m1f | Soft | 9 | Farclas (FR) | Jukebox Jury (IRE) | 4 | Kennedy, J W | Elliott, Gordon | 9/1 | 11-0 | 140 | 40d |
17.03.2017 | 2m1f | Good | 15 | Defi Du Seuil (FR) | Voix Du Nord (FR) | 4 | Johnson, Richard | Hobbs, P J | 5/2 | 11-0 | 155 | 48d |
18.03.2016 | 2m1f | Good | 15 | Ivanovich Gorbatov (IRE) | Montjeu (IRE) | 4 | Geraghty, B J | OBrien, A P | 9/2 | 11-0 | 142 | 41d |
13.03.2015 | 2m1f | Soft | 16 | Peace And Co (FR) | Falco (USA) | 4 | Geraghty, B J | Henderson, N J | 2/1 | 11-0 | 155 | 48d |
14.03.2014 | 2m1f | Good | 15 | Tiger Roll (IRE) | Authorized (IRE) | 4 | Russell, D N | Elliott, Gordon | 10/1 | 11-0 | 0 | 33d |
15.03.2013 | 2m1f | Good To Soft | 17 | Our Conor (IRE) | Jeremy (USA) | 4 | Cooper, Bryan J | Hughes, D T | 4/1 | 11-0 | 150 | 34d |
16.03.2012 | 2m1f | Good | 20 | Countrywide Flame | Haafhd | 4 | Costello, Dougie | Quinn, J J | 33/1 | 11-0 | 140 | 33d |
18.03.2011 | 2m1f | Good | 23 | Zarkandar (IRE) | Azamour (IRE) | 4 | Jacob, Daryl | Nicholls, P F | 13/2 | 11-0 | 0 | 20d |
19.03.2010 | 2m1f | Good | 17 | Soldatino (FR) | Graveron (FR) | 4 | Geraghty, B J | Henderson, N J | 6/1 | 11-0 | 148 | 20d |
13.03.2009 | 2m1f | Good To Soft | 18 | Zaynar (FR) | Daylami (IRE) | 4 | Geraghty, B J | Henderson, N J | 11/2 | 11-0 | 150 | 55d |
14.03.2008 | 2m1f | Good To Soft | 14 | Celestial Halo (IRE) | Galileo (IRE) | 4 | Walsh, R | Nicholls, P F | 5/1 | 11-0 | 139 | 41d |
16.03.2007 | 2m1f | Good To Soft | 23 | Katchit (IRE) | Kalanisi (IRE) | 4 | Thornton, Robert | King, A | 11/2 | 11-0 | 144 | 48d |
17.03.2006 | 2m1f | Good | 17 | Detroit City (USA) | Kingmambo (USA) | 4 | Johnson, Richard | Hobbs, P J | 7/2 | 11-0 | 0 | 41d |
18.03.2005 | 2m1f | Good | 23 | Penzance | Pennekamp (USA) | 4 | Thornton, Robert | King, A | 9/1 | 11-0 | 0 | 20d |
18.03.2004 | 2m1f | Good | 23 | Made In Japan (JPN) | Barathea (IRE) | 4 | Johnson, Richard | Hobbs, P J | 20/1 | 11-0 | 0 | 28d |
13.03.2003 | 2m1f | Good | 27 | Spectroscope (IRE) | Spectrum (IRE) | 4 | Geraghty, B J | ONeill, Jonjo | 20/1 | 11-0 | 123 | 34d |
14.03.2002 | 2m1f | Good | 28 | Scolardy (IRE) | Turtle Island (IRE) | 4 | Swan, C F | Mullins, W P | 16/1 | 11-0 | 0 | 32d |
16.03.2000 | 2m1f | Good To Firm | 28 | Snow Drop (FR) | Double Bed (FR) | 4 | Doumen, T | Doumen, F | 7/1 | 10-9 | 0 | 19d |
18.03.1999 | 2m1f | Good To Soft | 23 | Katarino (FR) | Pistolet Bleu (IRE) | 4 | Fitzgerald, Mick | Henderson, N J | 11/4 | 11-0 | 0 | 19d |
19.03.1998 | 2m1f | Good | 25 | Upgrade (OLD) | Be My Guest (USA) | 4 | Llewellyn, Carl | Twiston-Davies, N A | 14/1 | 11-0 | 0 | 27d |
13.03.1997 | 2m1f | Good | 28 | Commanche Court (IRE) | Commanche Run | 4 | Williamson, N | Walsh, T M | 9/1 | 11-0 | 0 | 25d |
Horses Age – Triumph Hurdle
The table below shows the ages of the 471 horses that have lined up in the Triumph Hurdle since 1997.
All of the 25 winners have been aged 4. The race is restricted to 4 year olds.
Weight Carried – Triumph Hurdle
23 of the 25 winners of the Triumph Hurdle since 1997 have carried 11st to victory. 70 of the 75 horses to make the first 3 were also in this range.
Horse Weight | Runs | Wins | P/L | Win% | Places | Place% |
10-7 | 22 | 1 | -9 | 5% | 3 | 14% |
10-9 | 21 | 1 | -13 | 5% | 2 | 10% |
11-0 | 428 | 23 | -193.75 | 5% | 70 | 16% |
Headgear Worn – Triumph Hurdle
23 of the 25 winners of the Triumph Hurdle since 1997 have been without headgear.
Headgear | Bets | Wins | Win% | P/L(SP) | Places | Place% |
Cheekpieces | 16 | 1 | 6.25 | -9.5 | 3 | 18.75 |
Blinkers | 24 | 0 | 0 | -24 | 1 | 4.17 |
Visor | 12 | 1 | 8.33 | -7.5 | 4 | 33.33 |
Hood | 10 | 0 | 0 | -10 | 2 | 20 |
None | 409 | 23 | 5.62 | -164.75 | 65 | 15.89 |
Starting Price (SP) – Triumph Hurdle
The table shows the starting price range of all horses that have run in the Triumph Hurdle since 1997.
The winners range from 6/4 to 33/1.
19 of the 25 winners of the Triumph Hurdle have returned a SP of 12/1 or less.
For those who like an each way play 50 of the 75 horses that have finished in the frame (first 3 places) have returned a SP of 13/2 or more.
Odds Bracket | Runs | Wins | P/L | Win% | Places | Place% |
Btw Evens & 6/4 | 5 | 1 | -2.5 | 20% | 2 | 40% |
Btw 13/8 & 9/4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 100% | 2 | 100% |
Btw 5/2 & 4/1 | 19 | 4 | -2.25 | 21% | 9 | 47% |
Btw 9/2 & 6/1 | 24 | 5 | 7.5 | 21% | 12 | 50% |
Btw 13/2 & 8/1 | 40 | 2 | -24.5 | 5% | 13 | 33% |
Btw 17/2 & 12/1 | 60 | 5 | -6 | 8% | 11 | 18% |
Btw 14/1 & 20/1 | 82 | 5 | 13 | 6% | 17 | 21% |
Btw 22/1 & 40/1 | 87 | 1 | -53 | 1% | 8 | 9% |
50-1 or above | 152 | 0 | -152 | 0% | 1 | 1% |
Position in Betting Market – Triumph Hurdle
7 favourites have won the Triumph Hurdle since 1997. 16 of the 25 winners came from the first 4 in the betting market.
Position In Market | Runs | Wins | P/L | Win% | Places | Place% |
1 | 25 | 7 | 5.75 | 28% | 12 | 48% |
2 | 29 | 4 | -8.5 | 14% | 14 | 48% |
3 | 23 | 3 | -2 | 13% | 8 | 35% |
4 | 24 | 2 | -4 | 8% | 8 | 33% |
5 | 32 | 2 | -9 | 6% | 4 | 13% |
6 | 27 | 2 | -1 | 7% | 5 | 19% |
7 | 25 | 1 | -4 | 4% | 6 | 24% |
8 | 30 | 1 | -13 | 3% | 6 | 20% |
9 | 25 | 0 | -25 | 0% | 2 | 8% |
10 | 16 | 0 | -16 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
11 | 32 | 1 | -11 | 3% | 3 | 9% |
12 | 21 | 1 | 0 | 5% | 2 | 10% |
13 | 17 | 0 | -17 | 0% | 1 | 6% |
14 | 30 | 1 | 4 | 3% | 2 | 7% |
15 | 14 | 0 | -14 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
16 | 11 | 0 | -11 | 0% | 1 | 9% |
17 | 17 | 0 | -17 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
18 | 11 | 0 | -11 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
19 | 8 | 0 | -8 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
20 | 15 | 0 | -15 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
21 | 7 | 0 | -7 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
22 | 3 | 0 | -3 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
23 | 15 | 0 | -15 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
24 | 5 | 0 | -5 | 0% | 1 | 20% |
26 | 5 | 0 | -5 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
27 | 3 | 0 | -3 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
28 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Official Rating (OR) – Triumph Hurdle
The following table shows the official rating of every horse in the Triumph Hurdle since 1997
13 of the 25 winners had been allocated an official rating.
12 of the 13 winners that had an official rating were rated at least 139.
Official Rating | Runs | Wins | P/L | Win% | Places | Place% |
0 | 256 | 12 | -114.25 | 5% | 33 | 13% |
102 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
105 | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
107 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
108 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
109 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
111 | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
112 | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
115 | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
117 | 4 | 0 | -4 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
118 | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
120 | 5 | 0 | -5 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
121 | 4 | 0 | -4 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
122 | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
123 | 3 | 1 | 18 | 33% | 1 | 33% |
124 | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
125 | 5 | 0 | -5 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
126 | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
127 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
128 | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
129 | 3 | 0 | -3 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
130 | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
131 | 5 | 0 | -5 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
132 | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
133 | 4 | 0 | -4 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
134 | 5 | 0 | -5 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
135 | 6 | 0 | -6 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
136 | 10 | 0 | -10 | 0% | 1 | 10% |
137 | 6 | 0 | -6 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
138 | 8 | 0 | -8 | 0% | 4 | 50% |
139 | 14 | 1 | -8 | 7% | 3 | 21% |
140 | 12 | 2 | 32 | 17% | 2 | 17% |
141 | 4 | 0 | -4 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
142 | 16 | 1 | -10.5 | 6% | 6 | 38% |
143 | 10 | 0 | -10 | 0% | 1 | 10% |
144 | 9 | 1 | -2.5 | 11% | 5 | 56% |
145 | 10 | 0 | -10 | 0% | 3 | 30% |
146 | 9 | 1 | -6.5 | 11% | 2 | 22% |
147 | 13 | 1 | -10 | 8% | 3 | 23% |
148 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 25% | 3 | 75% |
149 | 6 | 0 | -6 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
150 | 5 | 2 | 6.5 | 40% | 3 | 60% |
151 | 3 | 0 | -3 | 0% | 1 | 33% |
152 | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 2 | 100% |
155 | 2 | 2 | 4.5 | 100% | 2 | 100% |
157 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Official ratings are produced by the British Horseracing Board.
Days Since Last Run (DSLR) – Triumph Hurdle
All of the 25 Triumph Hurdle winners since 1997 had their latest run between 16 and 60 days ago.
15 of them last ran between 31 and 60 days ago.
No horses have made the frame returning to the track in less than 8 days.
Days Since Run | Runs | Wins | P/L | Win% | Places | Place% |
1-7 days | 7 | 0 | -7 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
8-15 days | 35 | 0 | -35 | 0% | 6 | 17% |
16-30 days | 193 | 10 | -76.75 | 5% | 22 | 11% |
31-60 days | 182 | 15 | -43 | 8% | 39 | 21% |
61-90 days | 37 | 0 | -37 | 0% | 6 | 16% |
91-120 days | 6 | 0 | -6 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
121-365 days | 6 | 0 | -6 | 0% | 1 | 17% |
First Run | 5 | 0 | -5 | 0% | 1 | 20% |
Last Run Placing (LR) – Triumph Hurdle
The table shows the break down of the last run placing for the previous 25 renewals of the Triumph Hurdle since 1997.
19 of the 25 winners had won on their previous outing and all were placed in the first 4.
Previous Place | Runs | Wins | P/L | Win% | Places | Place% |
No Run | 5 | 0 | -5 | 0% | 1 | 20% |
First | 204 | 19 | -32.25 | 9% | 50 | 25% |
Second | 97 | 4 | -53 | 4% | 15 | 15% |
Third | 46 | 1 | -12 | 2% | 3 | 7% |
Fourth | 36 | 1 | -30.5 | 3% | 3 | 8% |
Fifth | 17 | 0 | -17 | 0% | 1 | 6% |
Sixth | 24 | 0 | -24 | 0% | 1 | 4% |
Seventh | 12 | 0 | -12 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Eighth | 6 | 0 | -6 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Ninth | 4 | 0 | -4 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Tenth | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Eleventh | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Twelfth | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Thirteenth | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Fifteenth | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Nineteenth | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Fell | 5 | 0 | -5 | 0% | 1 | 20% |
Pulled Up | 4 | 0 | -4 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Ran Off Course | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Unseated Rider | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Miscellaneous Statistics – Triumph Hurdle
All of this data is for the 25 renewals of the Triumph Hurdle since 1997
Wins (Distance) | Runs | Wins | P/L | Win% | Places | Place% |
0 | 389 | 19 | -201.75 | 5% | 53 | 14% |
1 | 67 | 3 | -43 | 4% | 16 | 24% |
2 | 14 | 3 | 30 | 21% | 5 | 36% |
3 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 1 | 100% |
Wins (Less Dist) | Runs | Wins | P/L | Win% | Places | Place% |
0 | 91 | 2 | -70 | 2% | 5 | 5% |
1 | 115 | 6 | -74 | 5% | 17 | 15% |
2 | 111 | 4 | -67.5 | 4% | 17 | 15% |
3 | 74 | 8 | 1.25 | 11% | 18 | 24% |
4 | 40 | 3 | 25 | 8% | 9 | 23% |
5 | 28 | 1 | -23 | 4% | 5 | 18% |
6 | 6 | 1 | -1.5 | 17% | 3 | 50% |
7 | 3 | 0 | -3 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
8 | 3 | 0 | -3 | 0% | 1 | 33% |
Wins (Higher Dist) | Runs | Wins | P/L | Win% | Places | Place% |
0 | 429 | 23 | -214.25 | 5% | 70 | 16% |
1 | 39 | 2 | 1.5 | 5% | 4 | 10% |
2 | 3 | 0 | -3 | 0% | 1 | 33% |
Season Runs | Runs | Wins | P/L | Win% | Places | Place% |
0 | 5 | 0 | -5 | 0% | 1 | 20% |
1 | 67 | 4 | -18.5 | 6% | 10 | 15% |
2 | 121 | 9 | -58.5 | 7% | 16 | 13% |
3 | 115 | 6 | -67.75 | 5% | 19 | 17% |
4 | 70 | 1 | -49 | 1% | 15 | 21% |
5 | 42 | 3 | -6.5 | 7% | 6 | 14% |
6 | 28 | 2 | 12.5 | 7% | 5 | 18% |
7 | 11 | 0 | -11 | 0% | 3 | 27% |
8 | 7 | 0 | -7 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
9 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
10 | 3 | 0 | -3 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
11 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Max Distance Run | Runs | Wins | P/L | Win% | Places | Place% |
No Prev Run | 5 | 0 | -5 | 0% | 1 | 20% |
2m | 165 | 9 | -87.5 | 5% | 28 | 17% |
2m½f | 110 | 8 | -36.25 | 7% | 17 | 15% |
2m1f | 120 | 6 | -56.5 | 5% | 21 | 18% |
2m1½f | 30 | 2 | 10.5 | 7% | 4 | 13% |
2m2f | 10 | 0 | -10 | 0% | 2 | 20% |
2m2½f | 18 | 0 | -18 | 0% | 2 | 11% |
2m3f | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
2m3½f | 4 | 0 | -4 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
2m4f | 4 | 0 | -4 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
2m4½f | 4 | 0 | -4 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Max Distance WIN | Runs | Wins | P/L | Win% | Places | Place% |
No Prev Win | 69 | 1 | -59 | 1% | 3 | 4% |
7f | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
1m | 3 | 0 | -3 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
1m½f | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
1m1f | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
1m2f | 8 | 0 | -8 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
1m2½f | 3 | 0 | -3 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
1m3f | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
1m3½f | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
1m4f | 3 | 0 | -3 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
1m5f | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 1 | 50% |
1m6f | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
1m7½f | 5 | 0 | -5 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
2m | 158 | 10 | -61.5 | 6% | 30 | 19% |
2m½f | 96 | 8 | -15.25 | 8% | 17 | 18% |
2m1f | 73 | 4 | -45.5 | 5% | 19 | 26% |
2m1½f | 18 | 2 | 22.5 | 11% | 3 | 17% |
2m2f | 4 | 0 | -4 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
2m2½f | 15 | 0 | -15 | 0% | 2 | 13% |
2m3f | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
2m3½f | 1 | 0 | -1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
2m4f | 3 | 0 | -3 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
One Stop Ratings – Triumph Hurdle
4 Top Ranked Winners and 14 of the 20 winners of the Triumph Hurdle since 2002 have been in the top 6 on our One Stop Rating (OSR).
Rank | Bets | Wins | Win% | Places | Places% | P/L |
1 | 20 | 4 | 20.00% | 12 | 60.00% | 4.00 |
2 | 20 | 1 | 5.00% | 7 | 35.00% | -16.50 |
3 | 21 | 3 | 14.29% | 8 | 38.10% | 0.00 |
4 | 21 | 4 | 19.05% | 7 | 33.33% | 35.50 |
5 | 20 | 1 | 5.00% | 4 | 20.00% | 1.00 |
6 | 19 | 2 | 10.53% | 6 | 31.58% | -1.50 |
7 | 22 | 0 | 0.00% | 3 | 13.64% | -22.00 |
8 | 18 | 1 | 5.56% | 4 | 22.22% | -12.00 |
9 | 20 | 1 | 5.00% | 2 | 10.00% | -15.50 |
10 | 19 | 1 | 5.26% | 1 | 5.26% | 2.00 |
11 | 17 | 1 | 5.88% | 2 | 11.76% | 4.00 |
12 | 16 | 1 | 6.25% | 2 | 12.50% | -10.50 |
13 | 19 | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 5.26% | -19.00 |
14 | 16 | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -16.00 |
15 | 12 | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -12.00 |
16 | 11 | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -11.00 |
17 | 11 | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 9.09% | -11.00 |
18 | 6 | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -6.00 |
19 | 6 | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -6.00 |
20 | 6 | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -6.00 |
21 | 5 | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -5.00 |
22 | 5 | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -5.00 |
23 | 5 | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -5.00 |
24 | 1 | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -1.00 |
25 | 1 | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -1.00 |
26 | 1 | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -1.00 |
27 | 1 | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -1.00 |
One Stop Racings unique One Stop Ratings will be available for the Triumph Hurdle 2023 on Thursday 16th March.
Our Selection for the 2023 Triumph Hurdle
One Stop Racing’s selection for the 2023 Triumph Hurdle will be sent to All Members of One Stop Racing on the morning of the race.
© 2023, One Stop Racing. All rights reserved.